The Problem of Evil is one of the best arguments against the existence of, at the very least, a very specific God, namely, an all-powerful, all-good God. Stephen Law, whom I wrote about in a previous post, articulates the problem very well and uses it in his Evil God Challenge.
There are two approaches to the argument as follows:
The Logical Problem of Evil: the existence of ANY evil at all in the universe is evidence that an all-good, all-powerful God does not exist.
The Evidential Problem of Evil: the overabundance of natural and moral evil in the universe is evidence that an all-good, all-powerful God does not exist.
Many philosophers consider the Problem of Evil to be one of the strongest arguments against the existence of the God of classical theism, including some theistic philosophers. It’s an interesting argument for sure. My only critique would be how it uses the terms “evil” and “good”, both of which carry with it a lot of philosophical baggage. Some philosophers, including Stephen Law, have suggested using the term “suffering” in place of evil to make the argument less reliant on loaded language with theistic connotations. I think its a good suggestion and one that I myself will try to employ more often.
